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SURVEY METHODOLOGY
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CORRUPTION INDEXES
Regional Corruption Monitoring in
Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Macedonia,
Romania, and Yugoslavia
Macrh
2001
CONTENTS
SURVEY
METHODOLOGY
CORRUPTION INDEXES
MAIN PROBLEMS FACED BY THE
BALKAN COUNTRIES
ATTITUDES TOWARDS CORRUPTION
INVOLVEMENT IN CORRUPT
PRACTICESINVOLVEMENT IN CORRUPT PRACTICES
ASSESSMENTS OF THE SPREAD OF
CORRUPTION
CORRUPTION EXPECTATIONS
The Southeast European Legal Development
Initiative (SELDI) started in late 1998. It was launched by the
Center for the Study of Democracy
and the International Development Law
Institute, Rome. SELDI brings together non-governmental
organizations, representatives of various government organizations
and experts from different countries of South Eastern Europe. It
provides an opportunity for cooperation between public
institutions, governments, international agencies and individuals
in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Macedonia,
Romania, and Yugoslavia.
The Regional Corruption Monitoring
System is an essential part of the activity of SELDI.
The present report outlines the key
findings of the Regional Corruption Monitoring carried out in seven
countries of South Eastern Europe - Albania, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Romania, the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), and Croatia. The surveys
conducted in these countries were based on the methodology of the
Corruption Monitoring System of Coalition 2000 and marked the
beginning of the implementation of a Regional Corruption Monitoring
System. The main goal of this comparative analysis of the seven
countries from the Balkan region is to show the public significance
of the problem of corruption and the extent to which corruption has
penetrated into the various elements of society.
Sample Size
National representative survey of the population aged 18+
in each country.
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Sample Size
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Albania |
1001
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Bosnia and
Herzegovina |
1000
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Bulgaria |
1158
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Macedonia |
1000
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Romania |
1000
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Croatia |
1000
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Serbia |
976
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Montenegro |
604
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Survey
method
The survey method used is face-to-face
interview.
Field
work
Field work was conducted between September 15, 2000 - February 13,
2001.
CORRUPTION INDEXES
- Corruption indexes numbers assume values from
0-10.
- The closer the
value of the indexes is to 10, the more negative are the
assessments of the respective aspect of corruption. Index numbers
closer to 0 indicate approximation to the ideal of a
"corruption-free" society.
- Corruption
indexes have been grouped into several categories:
- Attitudes towards corruption;
- Corrupt practices;
- Assessment of the spread of corruption;
- Corruption-related expectations.
MAIN PROBLEMS FACED BY THE BALKAN
COUNTRIES
The
most important problems of the Balkan countries at present are
social and economic - unemployment, poverty, low incomes. The
issues related to government, the political system, and ethnic
tensions increasingly tend to be considered of secondary importance
among public priorities. By its scope and depth, the problem of
corruption is serious importance to the countries in the region.
Its importance is accounted for by the fact that corruption tends
to infiltrate economic life, governments, political systems, and
institutional structures in these societies.
TABLE 1. MAIN PROBLEMS IN THE COUNTRIES OF
SEE
v |
Albania
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Bosnia and
Herzegovina
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Bulgaria
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Macedonia
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Romania
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Croatia
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Serbia
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Montenegro
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Unemployment
|
44,40%
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60,90%
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67,80%
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75,30%
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39,50%
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66,00%
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30,30%
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53,10%
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Low
incomes
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39,30%
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39,60%
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49,00%
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62,00%
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41,30%
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39,10%
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39,20%
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35,60%
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Poverty
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24,40%
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29,80%
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41,50%
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1,10%
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50,60%
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31,60%
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39,70%
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34,80%
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Corruption
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60,80%
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47,60%
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37,50%
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35,10%
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59,90%
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41,70%
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37,20%
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30,80%
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Crime
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36,00%
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32,90%
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25,70%
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27,60%
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10,20%
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33,50%
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44,10%
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31,50%
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High
prices
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24,00%
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10,90%
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22,40%
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25,40%
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35,60%
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27,30%
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24,70%
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21,20%
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Political
instability
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49,60%
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37,00%
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17,00%
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33,20%
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29,90%
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20,10%
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47,80%
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59,30%
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Health
Care
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3,70%
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9,90%
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14,00%
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7,20%
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17,40%
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7,10%
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8,70%
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4,00%
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Environment
pollution
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5,20%
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3,80%
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2,70%
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6,00%
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1,60%
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2,80%
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2,50%
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4,80%
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Education
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3,90%
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4,60%
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2,10%
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3,70%
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7,90%
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4,40%
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6,30%
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4,50%
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Ethnic
problems
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3,00%
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15,60%
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1,70%
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14,90%
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2,40%
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7,00%
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10,20%
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8,60%
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* The total of percentages exceeds 100 as respondents
could give up to three answers
ATTITUDES TOWARDS CORRUPTION
Acceptability in Principle
This index reflects the extent
to which various corrupt practices are tolerated within the value
system.
Its value is highest in
Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, and Croatia, and
lowest, in Bulgaria and Romania. This substantial difference
indicates that, in terms of their value system, the citizens of the
first four countries are more inclined to accept the existence of
corrupt practices in their societies than those in the remaining
states. The generally low values of the index in the countries of
the region (with the exception of Albania and Bosnia and
Herzegovina) show that corruption is widely perceived as morally
inadmissible. As a whole, the level of tolerance in principle of
the various corrupt practices is relatively low.
FIGURE 1.
ACCEPTABILITY IN PRINCIPLE
Susceptibility to corruption
This index measures citizens'
inclination to compromise on their values under the pressure of
practical circumstances.
In all countries the value of
this index is higher than the preceding one. This means that the
moral denunciation of corruption as a negative phenomenon does not
exclude the existence and efficiency of corrupt practices in
everyday practice. In cases of conflict between practical interests
and value system, many citizens tend to compromise on their
principles to achieve their ends. The low tolerance of corrupt
behavior and the high susceptibility to such acts are the key
preconditions for the following, commonplace philosophy of life:
corruption is a "necessary evil" that successfully solves practical
problems.
FIGURE
2. SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CORRUPTION
INVOLVEMENT IN CORRUPT
PRACTICESINVOLVEMENT IN CORRUPT PRACTICES
Corruption pressure
The index measures the spread
of attempts by public sector employees to directly or indirectly
pressure citizens in order to solicit money, gifts, or
favors.
The values of the index
suggest that in the countries of the region involvement in corrupt
practices not always a direct outcome of open individual,
collective, or institutional coercion. As a whole, corruption
pressure in these societies is not particularly intense (with the
sole exception of Albania). In the regional context corrupt
practices are sustained not so much by social pressure but by the
mechanisms of private interests, practical necessity, and personal
choice of the citizens and the public sector employees.
FIGURE 3. CORRUPTION
PRESSURE
Corruption pressure by professional
groups
Table 2 shows the considerable differences when determining
the degree of direct coercion on the part of public sector
employees over the citizens of the seven Balkan countries. Despite
the notable presence of specific national characteristics, there is
at least one important similarity. It consists in the empirically
registered fact that, doctors and public officials (police and
customs officers, tax, municipal, and court officials) exert the
strongest corruption pressure.
TABLE 2. "IF IN THE COURSE OF THE PAST YEAR IF YOU
HAVE BEEN ASKED FOR SOMETHING IN ORDER TO HAVE A PROBLEM OF YOURS
SOLVED, YOU WERE ASKED BY:"
v |
Albania
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Bosnia and
Herzegovina
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Bulgaria
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Macedonia
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Romania
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Croatia
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Serbia
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Montenegro
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Police
officer
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52,00%
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25,70%
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24,00%
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14,40%
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34,00%
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24,80%
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42,40%
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38,40%
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Doctor
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62,60%
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19,90%
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22,10%
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20,20%
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35,10%
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16,60%
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33,60%
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19,50%
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Customs
officer
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55,60%
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15,90%
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15,80%
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21,80%
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20,50%
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10,50%
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42,80%
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21,60%
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University
professor or official
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29,00%
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9,80%
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13,90%
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16,30%
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15,00%
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8,40%
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17,20%
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8,70%
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Administrative
official in the judicial system
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47,00%
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9,90%
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11,50%
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10,60%
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22,30%
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6,70%
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19,40%
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9,40%
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Municipal
official
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52,50%
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19,10%
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10,30%
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11,90%
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26,90%
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11,30%
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27,20%
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19,30%
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Businessman
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30,50%
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8,50%
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9,70%
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13,20%
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17,80%
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16,10%
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